Sharp Detail

Which telescope would give me the sharpest, most detail surface of Jupiter up close while portable?

I wan the lightest, most portable telescope to observe the planets and some stars as well.

You can get reasonable views of Jupiter with all you mention with a three or four inch refractor of long focus or even a long focus 4 1/2 inch reflector.
You’ll get a view like this on a good night but with more detail showing at times on the best nights if you’ve trained your eyes to see it.
http://www.astronomyhints.com/jup_gray.jpg . . . .
To get sharp views of a large apparent size you need a bigger telescope with very good optics which are expensive.
The mounting needs to be very steady and will weigh much more than the telescope if you want to use it with high powers.without the image wobbling around.
An eight inch reflecting telescope can be portable if it’s made that way but most of those you can buy are too big and bulky to put on a bus or train or to carry far especially if the mount is solid enough to be of use though loading them into a car is easy and they can be set up in ten to twenty minutes when you get to a dark sky site.
An 8″ Maksutov or Schmitt-Cassegrain telescope is less bulky but still needs a good solid mounting.
It will show the same amount of detail as a good 8″ long focus Newtonian but it can be easier to use..
Maksutovs especially are good for planets because they have good contrast.
You’ll get the sort of view shown in the link below through a decent one if the air is good but not all the detail is visible all the time.
Air currents are very changeable some nights and you sometimes get fleeting glimpses of detail for a second or two and then wonder whether you actually saw it.
The picture was taken with an 11″ telescope but you can normally more see by eye through a telescope than you get on a picture through the same telescope, so a picture from a larger telescope has been used.
You can’t just set up a telescope for the first time and straightaway be able to see all the planetary details it can resolve or the dust lanes in a galaxy.
The eyes need training to see things. It takes time.
A lot of pictures are actually lots of pictures processed together to get a better result so it isn’t always possible to equate pictures with what a telescope shows you by eye but it gives you a rough idea of it.
http://www.cloudynights.com/ubbarchive/showflat.php/Cat/0/Number/395175/page/292/view/expanded/sb/9/o/all/fpart/ . . .
Here are more pictures using telescopes of various types and sizes and show images of the sort of contrast you are more likely to get by eye with good optics but budget telescopes won’t normally have so much contrast.
The cost to get the quality of image shown in those pictures those is hundreds of dollars up to more than two thousand dollars depending on the level of sophistication of the telescope, and you’ll need a good quality planetary eyepiece and maybe some filters to use with it, all adding to the cost, and set up the mounting to perform at it’s best, free of shakes and wobbles.
http://www.stargazing.net/david/jupiter/index.html . . . . . .

Now for some maths. The image of Jupiter in your diagram almost fills the eyepiece field of view.
For a fairly standard 50 degree eyepiece the image of Jupiter will be nearly 50 degrees across.
At opposition when Jupiter is biggest it’s disk is around 50 arcseconds across
See on here, second sentence
http://www.damianpeach.com/jup_10.htm . . .
There are 3600 arcseconds in one degree so you need a power of 3600x to get a 50 degree image of an object 50 arcseconds across.
Impossible to use even on giant telescopes!!
The Mount Palomar 200″ telescope could rarely use even 1000x and 600x was a more common upper limit for power.
360x times is a high power for amateur telescopes and on rare nights you can use it to advantage but you need a lot of aperture to get enough light for it or the image will be too dim to see much detail.
Far too dim for a three or four inch telescope which is OK on Jupiter up to about 200x if the optics are OK but it’s alright on a contrasty 8″ telescope or bigger.
360x shows Jupiter as a disk 5 degrees across in the eyepiece, about ten times wider than the full Moon appears to the naked eye.
The resolving power though is reached at 200x for an 8″.
Higher powers won’t show more details but will allow the details the telescope can resolve to be more easily seen.
25x per inch is it for telescopes. Twice that can be usefully used but more power than the resolving magnification just magnifies the same stuff. It doesn’t magically show things the telescope can’t resolve.
http://www.ayton.id.au/gary/Science/Astronomy/Ast_Telescope.htm . . . . .

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